17-1800's
I know that James Hutton is considered a father of modern geology and he was born during some where in the 1720's so that's the closest answer, also Charles Lydel was born during the late 1790's.
Mountains because the tectonic plates are colliding and pushed up against each other.
The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the sun remains visible at the local midnight.
