Answer:
Explanation:
1. Microbes play defense. The oodles of microbes that live on and inside us protect us from pathogens simply by taking up space
2. Microbes boost the immune system
3. Microbes protect us from auto-immune diseases.
4. Microbes keep us slim. Microbes play an important role in our body shape by helping us digest and ferment foods, as well as by producing chemicals that shape our metabolic rates.
5. Microbes detoxify and may even fight off stress.
Both "depends upon the binding of that substance to a specific site on the membrane protein" and "depends upon movement of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other" are correct.
The saturation effect prevents statement 2 from being true.
Answer:
Option D, Gastric Juices
Explanation:
The second line of defense is a non specific defense mechanism in which no specific individual is targeted but all invaders are killed in general way. Some common mode of second line of defense are - Phagocytic cells (white blood cells), inflammatory responses, macrophage system etc. The second line of defense comes into action when the invader has surpassed the first line of defense which include either physical barrier like skin, mucous membrane, hair, cilia etc. or chemical barriers like gastric juices, saliva, Hyaluronic acid etc.
Hence, gastric juice does not belong to second line of defense.
Thus, option D is correct.
