I believe the answer is:
a. cost curves to shift upward
Answer:
d
Explanation:
A good has positive externality if the benefits to third parties not involved in production is greater than the cost. an example of an activity that generates positive externality is research and development. Due to the high cost of R & D, they are usually under-produced. Government can encourage the production of activities that generate positive externality by granting subsidies.
A good has negative externality if the costs to third parties not involved in production is greater than the benefits. an example of an activity that generates negative externality is pollution. Pollution can be generated at little or no cost, so they are usually overproduced. Government can discourage the production of activities that generate negative externality by taxation. Taxation increases the cost of production and therefore discourages overproduction. Tax levied on externality is known as Pigouvian tax.
Government can regulate the amount of externality produced by placing an upper limit on the amount of negative externality permissible
Coase theorem has been proposed as a solution to externality. According to this theory, when there are conflicting property rights, bargaining between parties involved can lead to an efficient outcome only if the bargaining cost is low
Another solution to negative externality is through the activities of charities. Charities can raise donations to limit or regulate the activities of firms that constitutes a negative externality.
Answer:
total budgeted costs = $141,570
budgeted production = 1,000 units
standard rate = $141,570 / 1,000 = $141.57 per unit
total actual costs = $135,810
actual production = 850 units
actual rate = $135,810 / 850 = $159.78 per unit
- total fixed overhead variance = actual overhead costs - budgeted overhead costs = $135,810 - $141,570 = -$5,760 favorable. The actual overhead expense was lower than budgeted.
- controllable variance = (actual rate - standard rate) x actual units = ($159.78 - $141.57) x 850 units = $15,478.50 unfavorable. The actual overhead rate was higher than the standard rate, that is why the variance is unfavorable (more money was spent than budgeted).
- volume variance = (standard activity - actual activity) x standard rate = (1,000 - 850) x $141.57 = 150 x $141.57 = $21,235.50 unfavorable. Less units where produced than budgeted, that is why the variance is unfavorable.
The answer is D. Demand Schedule
Answer:
the retailer’s main function is to provide merchandise in the right quality, quantity, price, time, and at the right place. The first task that a retailer has to perform is to identify the consumer needs and wants.
Explanation:
