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Explanation: Supreme military discipline and training served as the foundation for the construction of the Roman Empire. However, when the Empire grew in size and began to fragment, the Western Empire could not maintain its superior military strength anymore. As a result, it began to rely on mercenary forces, typically composed of barbarians. The armies were not disciplined and had no loyalty to the Empire. Therefore, the military structure was unable to maintain its integrity. And as soon as that occurred, the political system came crashing down. At various points in antiquity, the mercenary soldiers would turn against the Romans and begin to demand or grab land for themselves. For example, Alaric, the Gothic ruler who eventually conquered Rome, was formerly a Roman mercenary leader before becoming king.
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Answer:From the late 1700s to the mid-1800s, three nations–Germany, Sweden, and England–influenced the early development of physical education in the United States. German immigrants introduced the Turner Societies, which advocated a system of gymnastics training that utilized heavy apparatus (e.g., side horse, parallel and horizontal bars) in the pursuit of fitness. In contrast, the Swedish system of exercise promoted health through the performance of a series of prescribed movement patterns with light apparatus (e.g., wands, climbing ropes). The English brought sports and games to America with a system that stressed moral development through participation in physical activities. The influence of these three nations laid the foundation for sport and physical education in America.
The 1800s were an important time for the inclusion of physical education in schools across America. The Round Hill School, a private school established in 1823 in Northampton, Massachusetts, was the first to include physical education as an integral part of the curriculum. In 1824 Catherine Beecher, founder of the Hartford Female Seminary, included calisthenics in her school's curriculum and "was the first American to design a program of exercise for American children" (Lumpkin, p. 202). She also advocated the inclusion of daily physical education in public schools. However, physical education was not offered in the public schools until 1855, when Cincinnati, Ohio, became the first city school system to offer this type of program to children.
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Central American and northern Andean Indian, member of any of the aboriginal ... reflect millennia of relative isolation (see South American Indian languages). ... the impact of the Spanish conquest was different in kind as well as in scale, ... and a deliberate policy of reshaping Indian life to conform to European norms.
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