The ileum contains villi that project into the lumen and increase the amount of surface area.
Villi are small finger-like structures that project into the lumen of the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of the intestinal walls for easy and quick absorption of digested food with the addition of digestive secretions. Villi vary in length from about 0.5 to 1 mm. They are usually found in large numbers at the beginning of the small intestine and they reduce toward the end of the tract.
Acylhomoserine lactones used in quorum sensing regulate their own synthesis by an autoinduction system.
- Numerous bacteria use acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs), significant intercellular signaling molecules, to track the density of their population for quorum-sensing control of gene expression. The LuxI family of proteins produces the signals in question.
- A lot of proteobacteria use quorum-sensing signals from acyl-homoserine lactones.
- Cells create a baseline amount of signal at low population densities, and when enough signal has accumulated in the environment, it binds to its receptor and activates quorum-sensing-dependent genes.
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<span>Without variation, there is no difference between members of a population to be "selected for" in the first place. This is a basic tenet of natural selection. A new trait must arise in order to advance or decrease the fitness of the individual, and hence, its ability to pass on its genes.</span>
