A disturbance would be things like lava, flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. These are disturbances because Primary Successions happen in lifeless areas, which soil is incapable of sustaining life.
It reproduce by a process call Binary Fission
The answer Would Be B
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José probably doesn't feel any pain because his body, during and after exercise released endorphins which are endogenous opioids. This endorphins promote a sense of satisfaction and pleasure, and make pain and discomfort feel irrelevant.