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a member of a Semitic people, originally from the Arabian peninsula and neighboring territories, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa
Guerrilla warfare was the rules of war that we fought by
Answer:
Explanation:
The entire structure of European society changed during the 12th and 13th centuries, and there was a time when this change was attributed largely to the Crusades. Historians now, however, tend to view the Crusades as only one, albeit significant, factor in Europe’s development. It is likely that the disappearance of old families and the appearance of new ones can be traced in part to the Crusades, but generalizations must be made with caution. It should, moreover, be remembered that, while some Crusaders sold or mortgaged their property, usually to ecclesiastical foundations, others bequeathed it to relatives. The loss of life was without doubt considerable; many Crusaders, however, did return to their homes.
The sectors acquired by burgeoning Italian cities in the Crusader states enabled them to extend their trade with the Muslim world and led to the establishment of trade depots beyond the Crusade frontiers, some of which lasted long after 1291. The transportation they provided was significant in the development of shipbuilding techniques. Italian banking facilities became indispensable to popes and kings. Catalans and Provençal's also profited, and, indirectly, so did all of Europe. Moreover, returning Crusaders brought new tastes and increased the demand for spices, Oriental textiles, and other exotic fare. But such demands can also be attributed to changing lifestyles and commercial growth in Europe itself.
The establishment of the Franciscan and Dominican friars in the East during the 13th century made possible the promotion of missions within the Crusade area and beyond. Papal bulls granted special facilities to missionary friars, and popes sent letters to Asian rulers soliciting permission for the friars to carry on their work. Often the friars accompanied or followed Italian merchants, and, since the Mongols were generally tolerant of religious propaganda, missions were established in Iran, the Asian interior, and even China. But, since Islamic law rigidly prohibited propaganda and punished apostasy with death, conversions from Islam were few. The Dominican William of Tripoli had some success, presumably within the Crusaders’ area; he and his colleague Riccardo di Monte Croce both wrote perceptive treatises on Islamic faith and law. Other missionaries usually failed, and many suffered martyrdom. In the 14th century the Franciscans were finally permitted to reside in Palestine as caretakers for the holy places but not as missionaries.
A - he introduced a new kind of tobacco
Answer and Explanation:
Bradstreet has an aggressive and negative view of the North American indigenous people, he believes that they are savage, violent, uncivilized and that they must be fought in the name of the goals of the English. He believes that the Indians are oppressive and that this should not be tolerated. He believes that the Indians will unite against England and for that reason it is necessary to be prepared. Probably, this view that Bradstreet has towards indigenous people comes from bad experiences he had with the tribes, as well as an imperialist thought full of prejudices and a strong racism and intolerance.
Johnson, on the other hand, although he believes that indigenous people are uncivilized, he believes that working for them will be more profitable for the English, than fighting them. He believes that indigenous people are a fascinating people and that they have dominion over the lands that the English are taking over. Even in the midst of this, the Indians are willing to divide the land and for this they make small demands that can easily be met by the English, establishing harmony with all peoples. Johnson's view comes from the humanistic character and the peaceful nature that he possessed.
