On 20 Oct 1775, Col. Richard Gridley of the Continental artillery regiment presented his commander-in-chief, George Washington, with an “Inventory of Ordnance and Stores necessary for the present Army, supposing it to consist of twenty thousand Men.”
At the bottom of that sheet was a section headed “Ordnance, Shot, and Shells, now in Camp.” That listed: Cannon: 24 pounders, 5; shot, 449. 18 pounders, 6; shot, 260. 12 pounders, 2; shot, 149. 9 pounders, 3; shot, 1,175. 8 pounder, 1. 6 pounders, 2. 5 1/4 pounders, 4; shot, 1,134. 4 pounders, 7; shot, 1,475. 3 pounders, 9; shot, 3,079. 2 1/2 pounders, 2; shot, 1,009.
Total number of cannon, 41. Total number of shot, 8,730. Carriages, ladles, rammers and sponges, &c., complete.
Mortars: 10 inch mortars, 3; shells, 374. 8 inch mortars 2; 8 inch howitzers, 3; shells, 452. 7 inch brass mortars, 2; shells, 641.
Total number of mortars, 10. Total number of shells, 1,467. With beds, carriages, and implements, complet.
Federalists were the first political party of the United States and debated the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. There were two sides to the debate: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists sought to ratify the Constitution while the Anti-Federalists did not. The Federalists felt that the inclusion of the Bill of Rights was not necessary and the Anti- Federalists claimed the Constitution gave the central government too much power, and without a Bill of Rights the people would be at risk of oppression. Yet remarkably, it was The Federalist, James Madison who eventually presented the Bill of Rights to the Congress despite his former opposition.
The message being conveyed is that <em>A</em><em>. Literacy tests conflicted</em><em> with </em><em>America's ideals</em><em> of </em><em>liberty </em><em>because they were designed to keep immigrants out of the country. </em>
In the late 1800s, there were calls amongst some Americans to limit immigration because:
unemployment was rising
crops were failing
there was land shortage
These people managed to get the government to implement literacy tests and immigrants who failed it would not be allowed in.
The cartoonist in this cartoon is criticizing it by putting the literacy tests as a wall which gives it a negative connotation because walls are generally used to denote progress being stopped.
We can therefore conclude that the illustrator here believes that literacy tests are negative and most probably conflict with American ideals such as liberty.
