Answer:
Genetic variation is caused by:
mutation
random mating between organisms
random fertilization
crossing over (or recombination) between
chromatids of homologous chromosomes during
meiosis
They live without sunlight otherwise they would use phitosynthesis
11,700 years ago the last one ended.
Answer:
cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers.
Explanation:
The extracellular factors act as the first messengers. These are usually hormones and neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters like serotonin, growth hormone and epinephrine. The second messenger depends on the signals received by cell surface receptors. The cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers. The secondary messenger target molecules present in nucleus and cytoplasm.
The signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and nucleus with the change in receptor. This leads to the activation of signaling cascade.
The answer from most polar to least polar is:
Xanthophyll
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Beta carotene (not polar at all)
