The "Dark Age" in the Indian Empire was a period known for a series of rebellions that occurred against the ruling Kushanas. This happened due to the lack of legitimacy by them during the beginning of the 4th century. This created many small kingdoms within the provinces of India and fractured the empire. A lot of unregulated commerce happened during these provinces and there was little to no control by the Empire.
However, when Samudragupta rose to power, he started a campaign to unify the territories of India. Gradually annexing province by province as he went through them. This brought order as the trade was now regulated by one only entity which was the Empire.
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James Watt- steam engine with condenser- used much less coal than earlier engines.
Henry Bessemer- Industrial process for steel production- made it cost efficient to produce steel from molten iron on a large scale.
Eli Whitney- Cotton gin- Allowed fibre to be extracted from seed more efficiently.
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Islam as a religion began with the message which was spread by Islam’s Prophet and God’s Messenger Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the Arabian Peninsula in 610 CE and which was contained in the Qur’an, God’s revelation to Muhammad. After Muhammad’s death in 632, his followers, the Muslims, embarked on successive waves of conquest of the Middle East and beyond; within less than a century, they had political and military control of virtually all the lands between India and Spain. The exercise of this control came from a state that was called the caliphate, its ruler being viewed as the caliph, or “successor,” to the Prophet Muhammad. In the first few decades, the state, based in Arabia, was simple and its ruler elected on the basis of merit. However, following the expansion, it soon turned into a complex, multi-national empire ruled by dynasties based in Syria first (the Umayyads, 661-750 CE) and then in Iraq (the Abbasids, 750-1258 CE). The caliphal system became weakened in the later ninth century, and by the tenth century, real power had moved to several local dynasties although the caliph remained the nominal head of the empire. The Abbasid empire and most of the local dynasties were overrun and practically destroyed by the Mongol invasion of the Middle East in 1258. That invasion ended not only the early phase of Islamic history, but also the “Golden Age” of Islamic civilization, which had been developing slowly from the beginning of this period. The “Golden Age” refers to the period when the varied contributions of Islamic civilization reached their peak in both the indigenous Islamic disciplines (such as Islamic law) and the newly imported disciplines of late antiquity (such as philosophy).
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The EU, Is a Conglomeration of A majority of the European countries, It serves by interconnecting Europe By trade, Currency and Armed Forces.
