I believe it is A for question 1 and C for question 2! Hope this helps:)
Their customs were outdated, the advancements of weaponry and technology by the europeans and americans frightened the japanese of invasion, hence opening its trade ports to adopt these new innovations by the Europeans and the Americans.
To allow the force of expanding gases from the gunpowder to act for a longer time
I assume you are referring to the enlightenment period. So the philosophies were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty. These were the five philosophies of the enlightenment era. <span />
Answer:
They had cultural ties with them; British news/propaganda also swayed the American public opinion in favor of the Allies.
