It would be that "c. It disrupted trade and commerce" that was not a consequence of Greek colonization, since in fact it led to a dramatic increase in commerce in the region.
Because they had to be prepared for relocating anytime.
The Battle was primarily a battle between the Germans and the British.
The offensive was not effective and achieved very little for the allies. The British only advanced a few miles, and the German lines held.
The offensive did not break the stalemate and resulted in massive casualties for both sides.
