Answer:
The answer to these multiple questions is pretty broad and long because the GI tract is probably one of the most diverse, complex, and function-filled systems of the human body.
1. To begin with, the GI tract has a main purpose, which is to ingest, digest, process, absorb and excrete the unnecessary waste that comes from the processes mentioned before. All of these have to do with fulfilling the main function of the GI tract, which is, to provide nutrients to the body through food and fluid intake. In order to fulfill this purpose, the tract is packed with muscles, accessory organs, blood vessels, nerve terminals and innervation and lymphatic vessels that willl aid in this process.
2. During the passage of food through the system there are a series of chemical steps that need to be taken, in order to be able to substract the necessary nutrients from food. In order to do this, the body counts with enzymes, chemical proteinic substances produced by different GI organs to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Among the ones that we have are: amylase, pepsin, tripsin, pancreatic lipase, deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease. All of these work on different molecules in food, like fats and carbs, and will allow the body to use them.
3. The GI tract also has hormonal activities, mostly related with the correct functioning of the entire system when food is present and nutrition is a must. Some of the enteroendocrine hormones are: gastrin, cholesystokinin and secretin, only to mention some.
4. The bacteria that populates our GI tracts are known as enterobacteria, they are mostly gram negative bacteria, like E. Coli, whose function is to further aid in the extraction and digestion of nutrients in food, once the chyme reaches the large intestine. These bacteria are from the enterobacteriaceae family and comprise more than 200 species.
Answer:
Nerves, organs, organ systems, muscles, blood vessels, bones, tissues- there's a lot of ways to answer this.
Answer:
Just as organs are separate body parts that perform certain functions in the human body, organelles are microscopic sub-units that perform specific functions within individual cells. Organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells. Cells often contain hundreds of mitochondria
Explanation:
A Drug Trend report published in 2009 had predicted continued price increase among traditional branded and biotech drugs that lack generic competition. Now, further, CMS has reduced its Average Sales price (ASP) margin from 6 percent to 4 percent for non-pass-thorough. This has affected pharmacy reimbursement. However, there are certain other aspects of Pharmacy Billing that can affect reimbursement and thereby the Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) process if not well implemented.
1. Data Workflow:
Recognizing how the revenue cycle works in pharmacy is very essential. Procurement to Inventory, billing and reimbursement involves purchase of medications, their storage, and method of dispensing, how they are administered, way they are coded & billed, and finally reimbursed. If the drug is covered as a pharmacy benefit, or the payer needs that to be obtained via a specialty pharmacy as identified through patient-specific benefit verification, then here both the provider and the pharmacy are part of the reimbursement process. The physician writes a prescription and orders the drug. This is followed by the pharmacy that fills the order and issues the drug to the physician, CMHC, or hospital outpatient department. Here the pharmacy bills the insurance company for the drug. If any information is entered incorrectly into the pharmacy system in the initial phase of the cycle, errors can prove to be costly, impacting aspects of clinical and revenue cycle.
2. Procurement:
During this phase information is converted from purchased quantities and pricing to storage units of measure (UOM) and inventory costs. Manually entering the data is followed in most cases. UOM conversions, when data is uploaded from the wholesale distributor to the pharmacy system, are also checked and verified manually. Here too mistakes can lead to breakdown in the revenue cycle management (RCM) process.
3. The Charge master:
Critical & substantial revenue leakage can occur when separately reimbursable medications are either missing from or miscoded in the charge master. Conversion of pharmaceutical quantities is a must from purchased amounts to patient-administered amounts, and only then made billable. There is often a difference between dosage amounts required for patient use as from that purchased. Besides inventory, the clinician and pharmacist should convert dosage, strength, and delivery mechanism for each drug. Drug data must be correctly converted from the quantities residing in clinical systems into the payer-billable quantities appropriate for the financial system or charge master. The UOMs must be reconciled to avoid any under- or over-payments. More than often, missing or incorrect data in the charge master can result in negative financial consequences – denied claims, partial reimbursement, and compliance risks.
4. Linkages between Purchases & Billing:
Most hospitals have separate processes to order drugs, administer them, and process reimbursement. Without linkage between pharmacy expenditures for medications (i.e., spend data) and the charge master, ensuring proper charge capture and optimal reimbursement is a challenge. Besides hospitals should have automated tools to identify charge capture errors precisely, so as to pinpoint when and where their occurrence to decreasing revenue loss.
Answer:
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Explanation:
