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The European age of exploration completed change the world for the next 500 years. The new world was discovered by European powers, resulting in complete cultural, religious and political shifts in the Western hemisphere.
Europe itself was successful in the early penetation of the New World and later by building trade links and colonies all over the world including, South Asia, South East Asia, Africa, Near East, Middle East and Australia.
They were able to develop a huge slave trade, which gave them the money and power to expand beyound Europe.
However, they were least successful against great powers like Russia and could not maintain control over the New World for long.
The constitution of the United States set up a set of checks and balances among the three branches of government. The Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers constitute the structure of the american government, and they have power to check each other's way of work.
One example of the check and balance system is that the Supreme court of the United States may check congress by declaring a law passed by this one as unconstitutional. This is a clear check limit used against the legislative power, that is the congress. But on the other hand, the power is balanced because the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of the country (the Executive power), and to be appointed they have to be approved by the Congress.
Esperanza grows and matures in several ways. At the beginning of the novel, she is a wealthy girl without a trouble in the world and is largely ignorant to the problems of people around her. She is forced to leave behind everything she knows and overnight, goes from a carefree young girl to a desperate migrant worker.