Answer:
A. Rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi Apparatus transport vesicles, cell membrane
<span>A cross-sectional study examines all of the participants at one time. So for a cross-sectional study of cancer survivors, we would gather some sample of former patients and find out how long they have been in remission.
The problem with that cross-sectional design is we would be missing the people whose cancer had returned and caused them to die before our experiment started; we would have introduced a problem called "survivor bias" by only counting people who were STILL in remission and still alive.
A better experiment will use a longitudinal design of enrolling people whose cancer has just gone into remission, and following them to see how long they stay healthy.</span>
1. Energy from the Sun ejects electrons from chlorophyll and splits water molecules to yield hydrogen ions.
Pigments inside the photosystems absorb light energy. Energy is transferred to reaction center, where electron is boosted at higher level. Electron is then passed to an acceptor molecule, replaced with an electron from H2O. and O2 is released.
2. Electrons move down the electron transport chain, releasing energy that pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
Electron releases energy because it goes from a higher to a lower energy level.
3. The concentration of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space increase
Released energy of electrons drives pumping of hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a proton gradient.
4. Hydrogen ions diffuse across the thylakoid membrane into the stroma through ATP synthase.
The only way for hydrogen ions to move down the gradient is through ATP synthase.
5. ATP synthase uses the energy released as hydrogen ions move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration to make ATP.
ATP synthase is an enzyme that use proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and Pi.
