The correct answer is a neutral stimulus.
A neutral stimulus (such as a bell, or an object), that is repeatedly followed by unconditioned stimulus, eventually elicits a conditioned response. For instance, in Ivan Pavlov's famous classical conditioning study, he repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus (a ringing bell) that came before an unconditioned stimulus (food), and eventually the sound of the bell alone elicited a conditioned response (salivating) in dogs.
Answer:
c. Is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known.
Explanation:
In the given scenario, the bizarre behavior of John is discussed, mainly about his professional life as a boxer. His injuries from such regular fights do not seem to hinder or reduce his involvement in fights.
At the same time, he also knows the risks that his fighting brings, that he can get serious brain damage or even permanent injuries. But that doesn't seem to have much impact on him for he continues to fight. This is an example of bizarre behavior that is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining the bizarre behavior are known.
Thus, the correct answer is option c.
Year, 1960 is when Congo gained its independence.
