It is changeable, in science, there can always be new discoveries that expand our knowledge
It is a chemical reaction. Where two elements/compounds are fused together to form a new compound.
Living things produce offspring of the same species, but in many cases offspring are not identical with each other or with their parents. Plants and animals, including humans, resemble their parents in many features because information is passed from one generation to the next.
There are several techniques that can be used in studying the brain of human beings such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography etc.
Some of the techniques that are used to study the structure of the brain and ita functions are:
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): This is used for the detection of electrical activity in the human brain. It helps in the detection of abnormalities that an individual can have in their brain.
- Magnetoencephalography (MEG): This is a technique that's used for investigating the activities of the human brain. In this test, sensors are used in the formation of an image regarding magnetic fields that are produced within the human brain.
- Magnetic resonance imagining: This is when radio waves that are computer generated and magnetic fields are used in testing the brain. This helps in providing images of the brain.
In conclusion, the above techniques are used in testing the brain in order to carry out further research on the person.
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Answer:
While penetrance is a quantitative estimate, reduced expressivity (transmission) is a qualitative estimate.
Explanation:
<u>Penetration
</u>
Some individuals who carry the deleterious allele (for example, in an autosomal dominant disease) do not show the expected phenotype: in that case we say that the penetrance is incomplete. This is the case in which the number of individuals presenting an abnormal phenotype is less than the number of individuals carrying the mutation causing this phenotype. Penetrance is a quantitative estimate.
For example, in the case of neurofibromatosis type I, its penetration is estimated to be 80% although it is often difficult to detect mild variants of the disease. Therefore, in these cases it would be useful to be able to detect the different mutations in the affected families and thus establish more precisely the value of their penetrance.
<u>Expressiveness (transmission)</u>
The observed phenotype can be more or less severe among the different affected individuals. In this case it is said that the deleterious allele has a variable expressiveness. Expressiveness is a qualitative estimate.
In the case of Marfan syndrome, for the same mutation present in a family, some individuals show a severe form of the disease that affects the cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal system while others show only a high height and arachnodactyly, without eye problems or of aortic aneurysm.
Reduced penetrance and incomplete expressivity are mainly described in autosomal dominant diseases.
Do not confuse an isolated case due to poor penetrance with a sporadic case due to the appearance of a mutation.
