These lines are an example of a) Pathos.
Pathos appeals to the emotions of a given audience in order to strengthen an argument. It uses logic, but draws upon emotion. This passage from The Declaration of Independence depicts the King of England as a cruel and unfit leader. It uses logic to enhance this argument, but its intent is to use emotion.
Yes, like he does when he tells the cyclops to respect him ans his men because they are lost strangers in need and when he wins back his home by competition. :D
1. The equation would be √x +15 because it is the square root of a number plus 15.
2. This is B sum because anytime you use addition (+) the answer is called the sum. Hope this helps! :)