Picking a primary motivation, I'd say liberalism was the leading factor in the 1848 revolutions. There was a growing tide of liberalism, which emphasized the liberty of individuals and thus desired to reform governments in the direction of more republican and constitutional forms. This was in opposition to the dominant conservatism of the 19th century, which valued maintaining (conserving) the old institutions of monarchy and aristocracy.
A second factor involved in a number of the revolutions was nationalism, a desire for people of like culture and language and background to be joined together in one society.
As a case in point, the 1848 revolution that occurred in the German states had both a liberal aspect to it (driven by university students and professors), as well as a nationalist aspect, wanting to unite the various German kingdoms and principalities into a cohesive German state.
The revolutions of 1848 for the most part did not achieve their goals, but they did sow the seeds for later changes that would come.
During the early 21st Century the European Union expanded to include numerous eastern European countries of Poland, Lithuania, Hungary etc.
While, this gave the EU larger economic and political power, it also created problems.
The countries in Eastern Europe were on a totally different level of socioeconomic development.
After a few years, the rifts became even more clear with the economic recession, the problem of migrants and the rising right wing political movements in EU countries.
Today, there is a problem of nationalism, which is a threat to the EU, which otherwise works to look beyond nationalism and promotes collectivism.
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The main argument in support of the decision to use the atomic bomb is that it saved American lives which would otherwise have been lost in two D-Day-style land invasions of the main islands of the Japanese homeland
A. A religious work of art.
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