Sharecropping varied by state, but it was widespread in many areas. By the early 1870s, the sharecropping system had come to dominate agriculture throughout the South.
80% of black farmers were tenants, and 68% of black tenants were sharecroppers. Sharecropping was mostly used in the 1800s, when a landowner would lend his land and money to field workers to buy seeds and other things needed for crop growing, and then when harvest time came, they'd agree on how much each of them received. It was the system that replaced slavery, and documents show that it was mostly used in the southern states.
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The European nations were able to dominate non-European areas because the had technology, had advanced weapons, and also the gunpowder technology.
By the 18th century, Europeans dominated the military technology of gunpowder weapons, which had enormous advantages for fighting war at a distance and conquering other parts of the world.