Answer:
Ectoparasites may affect trade-offs between life history traits in a number of different ways (Moller 1993a). There is some field evidence which suggests that ectoparasite numbers increase with the advancement of the season (Loye and Carroll 1991).
Explanation:
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Lithosphere is the correct answer
cause hydrosphere is water
and stratosphere and atmosphere are part of the air
They are also called "Land Plants" that are non-vascular!
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Answer: Oligodynamic and unaffected by antimicrobial resistance
Explanation:
Silver is one of the most affected effective antimicrobial which is so effective that the microbes die when being exposed to the silver.
It is used in case of wound dressing, and it is used to coat medical devices . It is used as an external application such as on the skin and while dressing.
The oligodynamic action of the metal is to block the free carbonyl and sufhydryl group present in the organism.
Even in the small concentration it can be used to kill the microbes.