The Puritans were protestants that were trying to reform the Protestant religion in England. They were trying to kick out the Catholic influence from the England. So they practically had their own new movement, Puritanism, that was know for it's intensity for the religious experience that it fostered. So all in all, the Puritans were Anglicans.
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Feudalism was the concept that was left behind by Europe after the Hundred Years' War.
Old Imperialism is basically what Great Britain did before America took independence (and a little after with the colonies being set up in Africa). Britain established colonies so that they would send resources over to back over to the main country.
A great example of this is the Triangle Trade where America would send Vegetables, Horses, and Tobacco to Britain in exchange for slaves, which Britain would buy from Africa for Gold.
The resulting power struggle due to the division of the Inca prevented them from either side from obtaining necessary resources. It also helped the Spaniards conquer the Inca.