Estrogen is a hormone in the female reproductive system that can cause the reproductive cycle
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Omnivore - An animal that eats both plants and animals.
Scavenger - An animal that feeds on dead animals/plants.
Herbivore - An animal that only feeds off of plants.
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Depending on the type of enzyme, the pH will have a different impact on the rate of reaction. All enzymes have specific pH dependencies. For Example, if this stomach enzyme is thrown into a neutral or basic pH, it will have a much slower rate of reaction because it is outside of the enzyme's ideal pH range.
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Antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations has followed close upon the heels of the widespread use of antibiotics.
As antibiotic-resistant bacteria thrive and sensitive bacteria die, the proportion of resistant cells in a population increases dramatically. These resistant cells continue to undergo binary fission, resulting in an infection that is difficult to treat.
The ability of bacterial populations to evolve resistance requires genetic variation.
Mutation is one source of genetic variation. The large population sizes and rapid reproduction of bacterial populations means that even with a low mutation rate, a significant number of mutations are seen in bacterial populations. Some of these mutations contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Processes such as conjugation allow for genes to be exchanged among bacteria. Because conjugation can occur between bacterial cells of the same species or of different species, antibiotic resistance sometimes spreads surprisingly easily from one species of bacteria to another.
A single R plasmid may have genes that provide resistance to ten or more different antibiotics. This is especially problematic when bacteria that are serious health threats become resistant to multiple antibiotics. For example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are caused by bacteria that have evolved resistance to most of the antibiotics that were once used to treat staph infections. MRSA is becoming increasingly difficult to treat.