valence electrons are electrons found in the outer shell of an atom. these are electrons that participate in CHEMICAL BONDING. an atom will either give up its valence electrons, gain valence electrons from another atom, or share valence electrons with another atom.
these are the only types of electrons that participate in chemical bonding - since they live in the outer most shell of an electron. no other electrons in an atom can bond. that's why these electrons have their own name.
an atom will do whatever it can to reach its full octet of valence electrons. that that means is that an atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons in its outer shell (it's the most stable and strong that way); hence the name OCTET.
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closed primaries promote party unity while open primaries encourage opinions from a range of votes.
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A) adaptation of laws to reflect changes in society.
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Wilson wanted to treat the Germans better than the rest of the world wanted to treat them. He believed that if they didn't punish them as harshly as the others wanted to, then Germany would be able to return back to normal life. Wilson presented his fourteen points to try and encourage economic growth back in Germany. The other world leaders eventually did treat Germany horribly inspiring Hitler and many other facists leaders to revolt and start WWII.
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