Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
<h2> FFEE, FfEE, FFEe, and FfEe</h2><h2> All the progeny show same 1/4 or 25% probability.</h2>
Explanation:
Given; parents are with genotype FFFe and FfEE
F/f and E/e are showing independent assortment,
1. Genotype of all possible offspring are;
gamete from parent FFEe are; FE and Fe ,
gamete from parent FfEE are; FE and fE.
So genotype of offspring are: FFEE, FfEE, FFEe, and FfEe
2. All the progeny show same 1/4 or 25% probability.
The answer is cell. In the cell level of organization arachnoidiscus enhrenbergii and the stomach can be seen.
Explanation:
Energy <u>D</u><u>e</u><u>creases</u><u> </u> as it transfers from what consumer to the next<u>.</u>
The correct answer is option C. A leaf growing in full sunlight
The chloroplast is an organelle, which helps the plants to carry out the process of the photosynthesis. The leaves are the main site of the photosynthesis in the plants, hence, they have an abundant number of chloroplasts present in the cells. In the presence of the sunlight, they perform the light dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process. In case, a scientist find out the cell, which have a high number of chloroplast, then the cell must be specialised to perform photosynthesis, hence, the cell would belong to the leaves, which are growing in full sunlight.
