The tetraspanins Tspan8 and CD151 promote metastasis, exosomes (Exo) being suggested to be important in the cross talk between tumor and host. The contribution of Tspan8 and CD151 to host versus tumor-derived exosome (TEX) activities being not defined, we approached the questions using 3-methylcholanthrene-induced (MCA) tumors from wt, Tspan8ko, CD151ko and Tspan8/CD151 (db)ko mice, implanted into tetraspanin-competent and deficient hosts.
Methods:
Tumor growth and dissemination, hematopoiesis and angiogenesis were surveyed in wild type (wt), Tspan8ko, CD151ko and dbko mice bearing tetraspanin-competent and -deficient MCA tumors. In vitro studies using tumor cells, bone marrow cells (BMC) and endothelial cells (EC) elaborated the mechanism of serum (s)Exo- and TEX-induced target modulation.
Results:
Tumors grew in autochthonous and syngeneic hosts differing in Tspan8- and/or CD151-competence. However, Tspan8ko- and/or CD151ko-tumor cell dissemination and settlement in metastatic organs was significantly reduced in the autochthonous host, and less severely in the wt-host. Impaired wt-MCA tumor dissemination in the ko-host confirmed a contribution of host- and tumor-Tspan8/-CD151 to tumor cell dissemination, delivery of sExo and TEX being severely impaired by a Tspan8ko/CD151ko.
Conclusions:
Tspan8-/CD151-TEX play central roles in tumor progression. Tspan8-/CD151-sExo and TEX contribute by stimulating angiogenesis. Tspan8 and CD151 fulfill these tasks by associating with function-relevant proteins, the additive impact of Tspan8 and CD151 relying on differences in preferred associations. The distinct Tspan8 and CD151 contributions suggest a blockade of TEX-Tspan8 and -CD151 promising for therapeutic intervention.
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The answer is C
Why ?
The definition of the biosphere: i<span>s the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.</span><span>A example of a fault line would be the san Andreas fault line .</span><span>
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An example of a population in which evolution could take place in a relatively short period of time could be pathogenic bacteria exposed to antibiotics.
Answer: Option A
<u>Explanation:</u>
Evolution if takes place within a short period of time say the next generation that is called as micro evolution. This is caused when a specific organism exposed in a different environment at once modifies its genes to suit the new environment. This phenomenon can be very well seen in the pathogenic bacteria which are exposed to antibiotics.
When an antibiotic is prescribed to bacteria initially it nullifies its effect by destroying it. When continuously exposed to a certain antibiotic some bacteria dies but there are few which becomes resistant to it and survives. This on the other hand multiplies producing a generation that can’t be touched by the antibiotic.
Fungi is a decomposer, therefore feeding off of dead matter
