D, because although he regrets inficting pain, he did what must be done.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
The bell <u>rang</u> at exactly midnight—transitive verb
Verbs are words that indicate some type of action, feeling or existence in a sentence. They give the information about what the subject is doing.
The Cambridge Dictionary describes a transitive verb as the kind of verb that requires “having or needing an object.” These can be changed into passive voice.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary describes an intransitive verb as the kind of verb that is “characterised by not having or containing a direct object.” These verbs do not form a passive voice.
Example of transitive verb:
The teacher gave me good marks. 
Learn more about transitive verb here 
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The German regime’s decision...
German casualties...
The troops...
As a result...
Historians may disagree...
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: effect
Explanation:
This is a effect because Doug won't be able to run as quick as he always does.