Answer:
from the intermembrane space to the matrix
Explanation:
In the electron transport chain (ETC), electrons flow from one protein complex to another. However, as this electrons are transfered, protons (H+) is built up from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the mitochondrial matrix.
Hence, according to this question, a proton gradient is formed when hydrogen ions (H+) are moving from the intermembrane space to the matrix of the mitochondrial.
It would be considered biotic since it is nonliving
1.
where in a population:
p - the frequency of the <em>A</em> allele
q - the frequency of the <em>a</em> allele
- the frequency of the <em>AA</em> homozygous genotype
- the frequency of the <em>aa</em> homozygous genotype
2pq - the frequency of the <em>Aa</em> heterozygous genotype
A population at equilibrium will have the sum of all the alleles at the locus equal to 1.
2. Conditions:
A. The breeding population must be large
B. No natural selection
C. The mating must occur randomly
D. No mutations to cause changes in allelic frequency.
E. No changes in allelic frequency due to immigration or emigration.
3. By comparing the actual genetic structure of a population with what we would expect from a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can determine how much it deviates from the baseline provided by the mathematical model. Depending on how large the deviation is, one or more of the model's assumptions are being violated. Thus, we can attempt to determine which one.
Genetically modified food is food produced from plants or animals whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. These genetically modified organisms are often called GMOs for short.
Sorry if I'm wrong but if I'm correct its pupa