Although the Crusades are popularly viewed as religiously inspired campaigns to recapture the Holy Land, students should recognize them as a result of the social and economic events in Europe between 1000 and 1200. Religious and secular leaders seeking to end the fighting among feudal lords seized upon the Crusades as a means of redirecting that aggression. Feudal knights who would not be inheriting their family properties eagerly enlisted in the Crusades as a way to win wealth or status. The idea of the pilgrimage was a powerful one, and the Crusades were basically armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land. The various Crusades ultimately failed. The sack of Constantinople was a fitting denouement to the whole concept. The interaction with the East brought to Europe not only Arabic translations of Greek texts, but also original Arabic and Iranian scientific and philosophical works.
The First Amendement (Freedom of Speech) was the basis for Charles Schenck's 1919 Supreme Court arguments that his distribution of flyers and leaflets during WWI to promote draft resistance among young men was Constitutional.
Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. The Supreme Court upheld the decision finding that draft resistance in the midst of WWI was unconstitutional.
Answer:
limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and Federalism
<span>The Sudetenland contained 3.5 million Germans who had been cut off from the rest of Germany after the creation of Czechoslovakia by the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler felt he had a legitimate claim upon the area because he saw it as German land. Also, Sudeten Germans claimed they were victimized by the Czech government and wanted home rule or union with Germany. Britain was reluctant to involve herself because she had inadequate armed forces to do so and had no treaty obligations to Czechoslovakia. After the Bad Godesberg and Munich conferences the four main European powers (Britain, France, Italy and Germany) decided, without the presence of the Czech leader, to give the Sudetenland to Hitler over a ten day period. The Czechs had little alternative but to agree to Hitler's demands, as they had few allies and a weak army. (However they did have an alliance with France which they failed to honor) By the 1st of October 1938 the Sudetenland had been fully surrendered to Hitler.</span>
