A) shi’ite Islam is the correct answer
The most important advantage in the north was the industrialization. This was the most important because weapons and other equipment were easier to manufacture.
The most important advantage of the south was that they were fighting on their land, so it was familiar to them. This was the most important because the southerners were in a space that they knew/could navigate better.
Although the Greek city states all spoke the same language and worshipped the same gods, each polis had their own government systems and values. Athens and Sparta, in particular had opposing values; Athens had a democracy, Sparta had a monarchy, where Athenians prized new ideas, the Spartans stubbornly clung on to the traditional etc. Partially due to Pericles taking advantage of the Delian League to benefit Athens, other city states began to resent Athens and eventually the Greek city states sided with either Sparta or Athens in the Peloponnesian War.
