Answer:
African descent
Explanation:
European descent in the late 1600s believed the Africans as inferior based on their race and colour. Europe saw them as fit to do manual work for Europeans. African descent was physically different from Europeans. Africans had a strong body structure which allowed them to work in fields for long hours.
The beginning of the plantation in America changed the structure of the trade and expansion. The Sugar plantation changed colonial societies as the economy based on slaves came into existence. Slavery increased overall elasticity in labour. It was also more productive and made labour a capital asset.
The insecurity some felt about their social status when slaves were put in the lowest class and were forced to work as labour. They were considered as the property of their masters.
The Songhai Empire controlled the production and supply of Salt. This was a very important commodity which was known as white gold at the time.
At its peak the Songhai Empire was the largest and richest Empire in Africa and one of the most powerful in all of the Muslim world.
The cities of Timbuktu and Djenné became importing trading centers and remained one of the most important cities in Africa until the empire's demise.
Apart from salt, the empire grew rich due to its control over vast supplies of Gold, slaves, kola nuts, leather, and dates.
Eventually, the huge riches of the Empire attracted attention from other leaders of the region. In the last 20 years, the kings of Songhai were in constant feud with multinational armies which took a political and economic toll on the Empire.
The Chinese philosophical concept of the circumstances under which a ruler is allowed to rule. Good rulers would be allowed to rule with the Mandate of heaven, and despotic, unjust rulers would have the Mandate revoked.
