The reading describes open Primary elections where a candidate is pre-chosen by voters under a jurisdiction (think political parties in primary elections)then the party will present the candidate to a specific electoral process (think Presidential general election)
A primary election (primary of nomination), or simply primary, is a choice in which the voters under a jurisdiction select the candidate that a party will present to a later public election. In other words, it is a democratic way of pre-selecting the candidate that a party will present to a certain electoral process. The "Primaries" are more common in the United States, not only for the presidential elections but also to choose the candidates for representatives, senators, mayors and governors, among others, and their origins go back to the progressive movement.
Blame - Germany was forced to accept the blame for starting the war under article 231 of the treaty, known as the War Guilt Clause. Reparations - Germany was to be made to pay for the damage suffered by Britain and France during the war.
