In addition to Jewish Israelis, the other major ethic group that most influences the culture of Israel are Arabs. Arabs, Arab-Israelis, Palestinians, Palestinians living in Israel, or Palestinian-Israelis depending on how they classify themselves constitute approximately 20% of Israel's population and have a sizable influence on the culture of Israel given the other Arab populations that live and work in Israeli territory who come from Palestine (the West Bank and East Jerusalem).
A is the closest to being correct.
There is no "general" trial judge. A judge may sit on a trial court but they are not a "general" judge. They may be a State judge or a federal judge on a court of original jurisdiction.
There are administrative judges at the patent office, so that is correct.
The US constitution differs from the Articles of Confederation because of the power that the federal government has. In the articles, each state acted as it's own country. They had the ability to command a military, declare war, and tax terrifs against other states. The constitution has the states act as subordinates to the federal government. They have the right to tax citizens, but their power and their ability to interact with other countries are strictly regulated through the federal government.
