Answer:
Desiderius was a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance.
Originally trained as a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style.
Among humanists he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists", and has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists".
Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation.
He also wrote On Free Will, In Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the African American Male is the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history, as noted by Arthur L. Caplan (1992). Begun in 1932 by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS), the study was purportedly designed to determine the natural course of untreated latent syphilis in some 400 African American men in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama. The research subjects, all of whom had syphilis when they were enrolled in the study-contrary to the “urban myth” that holds “black men in Alabama were injected with the virus that causes syphilis” (Walker, 1992)-were matched against 200 uninfected subjects who served as a control group.
The subjects were recruited with misleading promises of “special free treatment,” which were actually spinal taps done without anesthesia to study the neurological effects of syphilis, and they were enrolled without their informed consent.
The subjects received heavy metals therapy, standard treatment in 1932, but were denied antibiotic therapy when it became clear in the 1940s that penicillin was a safe and effective treatment for the disease. When penicillin became widely available by the early 1950s as the preferred treatment for syphilis, this therapy was again withheld. On several occasions, the USPHS actually sought to prevent treatment.
The first published report of the study appeared in 1936, with subsequent papers issued every four to six years until the early 1970s. In l969, a committee at the federally operated Center for Disease Control decided the study should continue. Only in 1972, when accounts of the study first appeared in the national press, did the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) halt the experiment.
At that time, 74 of the test subjects were still alive; at least 28, but perhaps more than 100, had died directly from advanced syphilis. An investigatory panel appointed by HEW in August 1972 found the study “ethically unjustified” and argued that penicillin should have been provided to the men. As a result, the National Research Act, passed in 1974, mandated that all federally funded proposed research with human subjects be approved by an institutional review board (IRB). By 1992, final payments of approximately $40,000 were made to survivors under an agreement settling the class action lawsuit brought on behalf of the Tuskegee Study subjects. President Clinton publicly apologized on behalf of the federal government to the handful of study survivors in April 1997.
Several major ethical issues involving human research subjects need to be studied further. The first major ethical issue to be considered is informed consent, which refers to telling potential research participants about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence their decision to participate. A major unresolved concern is exactly how far researchers’ obligations extend to research subjects. Another concern has to do with the possibility that a person might feel pressured to agree or might not understand precisely what he or she is agreeing to. The investigators took advantage of a deprived socioeconomic situation in which the participants had experienced low levels of care. The contacts were with doctors and nurses who were seen as authority figures.
D.The Supreme Court later reversed its ruling.
this is the answer i took the test, and i hope this helps
With the successful advance of the Allies in 1918, Germany realized that it was not possible to win the war and signed an armistice treaty to end the conflict.
Once his imperial government collapsed, civil unrest and labor strikes spread across the nation. Fearing a communist revolution, important parties came together to contain the revolts, founding the Weimar Republic.
One of the new government's first tasks was to implement a peace treaty imposed by the Allies. In addition to losing more than a tenth of its territory, and dismantling its army, Germany had to take responsibility for the war and pay damages, weakening its already weakened economy.
All of this was seen as a humiliation by many nationalists and veterans. They mistakenly believed that the war could have been won if the army had not been betrayed by politicians and protesters.
For Hitler, these views became an obsession and his fanaticism and paranoid delusions led him to place the blame on the Jews. His words echoed in a society with many anti-Semites. At that time, thousands of Jews had joined German society, but many Germans considered them to be intruders.
After the First World War, the success of the Jews led to unfounded accusations of subversion and speculation with the war. We cannot fail to stress that these conspiracy theories were born out of fear, anger and intolerance, not facts. However, Hitler was successful with them. When he joined a small nationalist political party, he launched him into the leadership of the party and dragged more and more crowds.
Combining anti-Semitism with political resentment, the Nazis denounced communism and capitalism as international plots by Jews to destroy Germany.
The Nazi Party was initially not popular. After unsuccessfully trying to overthrow the government, the party was banned and Hitler was arrested for treason. But, after being released a year later, he immediately started to rebuild the movement.
