Becuase the cell has a lower concentration that the solution it is placed in, the solution is considered hypertonic. The cell will lose water through osmosis and will shrink, the 2nd option is correct.
The right answer is B and C.
For proposal C, I will give you an example, that of an autosomal recessive disease. If a parent is heterozygous for an allele causing an autosomal recessive disease (due to a mutation), it may be that it transmits the allele to its descendence, as it may not be able to transmit it (since in one heterozygous subject, not all of its gametes carry the mutated allele) and thus the mutation will no longer be copied through the generaitons.
Each individual is genetically unique. Its genes are distributed along chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Mutations can lead to the appearance of different versions of genes: alleles. A diploid individual has two copies of each gene, which may be identical or different alleles. Mixing during sexual reproduction partly explains the genetic diversity of individuals.
Answer:
Generally, mammals have a pair of bran-shaped kidneys. The mammalian kidney has 2 distinct regions, an outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla. Both regions are packed with microscopic excretory tubules, nephrons, and their associated blood vessels. Each nephron consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries, known as glomerulus. The blind end of the tubule forms a cup-shaped swelling called Bowman’s capsule, that surround the glomerulus. From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate passes through 3 regions of the nephron which are proximal tubule, the loop of Henle. A hairpin turns with a descending limb and an ascending limb and the distal tubule. The distal tubule empties into a collecting duct, which receives processed filtrate from many nephrons. The many collecting ducts empty into the renal pelvis, which is drained by ureter.
For the structure of nephron, each nephron is supplied with blood by an afferent arteriole, a branch of the renal artery that subdivides into the capillaries of the glomerulus. The capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus, forming an efferent arteriole. It is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. The double-walled epithelial Bowman’s capsule is formed by the invagination of the blind end of the nephron. The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule form the first region of the nephron and is known as the renal corpuscle or the Malpighian body. The capillary walls are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells with openings between them with a diameter 50-100nm. These cells are pressed up against basement membrane which completely envelops each capillary, separating the blood in the capillary from the lumen of Bowman’s capsule. The inner layer of the Bowman’s capsule is composed of a cell called podocytes which have arms that give off structures resembling tube-feet called foot processes or secondary processes. The secondary processes support the basement membrane and capillaries beneath it and gaps between the processes (slit pores) facilitate the process of filtration. The Malpighian body leads into the remainder of the tubule.
The organelle described above is called the endoplasmic reticulum.
The rough portion of this called the granulated endoplasmic reticulum and the ribosomes attached to it enable it to produce proteins.
The smooth portion of this organelle does not contain ribosomes and it has a role in the synthesis of lipids.
