I think because humans have sweat glands in their skin that help cool the body by evaporation. Dogs don't have sweat glands but they have extensive blood vessels in their tongues that allow for heat to transfer. Panting helps move air across the tongue which carries away heat from the dog's blood.
The identity of the "unknown element", "Y", is magnesium (Mg).
B, ligand-gated ion coupled receptor signaling
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Sensory nerves are present in the nervous system, these nerves sends the signal to the brain about hot,cold,etc.
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Your body has many organs such as the heart and the lungs.