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2 years ago

Where did the energy to power the light-independent reactions come from?

Biology

2 answers:

trapecia [35]2 years ago

6 0

Answer:

oh dum the answer is A

Explanation:

nexus9112 [7]2 years ago

6 0

The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis. Light is absorbed and the energy is used to drive electrons from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across a membrane. These protons return through ATP synthase

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Place all eight of these steps of the insulin signaling pathway in the correct order. The abbreviation PIP 2 is used for phospha

DedPeter [7]

Answer:

The correct insulin pathway is described as under:

2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor

8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase

3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins

6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)

4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3

7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)

5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane

Explanation:

The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.

Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.

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3 years ago

¿De qué manera me doy cuenta de que el cambio climático está ocurriendo?

Evgesh-ka [11]

Intuit se ha comprometido durante una década a superar la neutralidad de carbono para impactar positivamente el planeta y crear un futuro mejor para todos. Utilizando nuestras métricas de huella de carbono de 2018 como base, nos comprometemos a reducir las emisiones de carbono 50 veces. Para lograr nuestro objetivo, debemos mirar más allá de nuestras propias operaciones y buscar soluciones para empleados, clientes, comunidades y socios.

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3 years ago

Medical science provides many ways to diagnose the cause of infertility and to treat it. Which procedure involves “washing” to s

scZoUnD [109]

intrauterine insemination is the best choice here.

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3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Which of the following causes a precipitate to form

Sveta_85 [38]

A chemical change happens to form a precipitate

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3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

The intercellular material that holds plant cells together 1 cell cement 2. A septum which forms to separate the two new plant c

notsponge [240]

Answer:

1. The intercellular material that holds plant cells together (Cell Cement)

2. A septum which forms to separate the two new plant cells (Cell plate)

3. Material which makes up the structure of the cell wall (Cellulose)

4. play a role in the formation of the spindle during cell division (Centrioles)

5. Serves to trap the sun's energy for photosynthesis (Chlorophyll)

6. A packet of chlorophyll arranged in stacks within a plant cell (Chloroplast)

7. The pinching in of the animal cell during cell division (Cleavage furrow)

8. The new cells resulting from the division of the mother cell (Daughter cells)

9. channels for transporting molecules within the cell (Endoplasmic reticulum)

10. The reproductive cells in sexual reproduction (Gametes)

11. Involved in producing and packaging secretions (Golgi Bodies)

12. The process involving the division of the nucleus in a reproductive cell (Meiosis)

13. The process involving the division of the nucleus of a body cell (Mitosis)

14. The cell that is about to undergo binary fission (Mother cell)

15. Makes up the structure of the ribosomes (rRNA)

16. Substances produced by the Golgi bodies (Secretions)

17. The fibers which direct the even distribution of chromosomes (Spindle)

Explanation:

Plant cells: (1,3,5,6)

Plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways.

Cell wall: One of the most defining one is plant cells have cell walls. These cell walls are rigid and they cover the plasma membrane of the plant cell. Cell walls have 3 layers and the outermost one is called the middle lamella, which is the cell cement. It acts like a cement because it is what holds one plant cell and the adjacent cells together. The middle lamella is made up of pectin.

The cell wall also has layers made up of cellulose, which happens to be a macromolecule as is the most abundant of its kind on Earth. They form bundles called microfibrils.

Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll are molecules found in plant cells that play a role in food production in plants. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is used in the process of food making called photosynthesis, along with other elements like water and carbon dioxide. Also chlorophyll gives the green pigmentation of plants.

Chloroplast: Chlorophyll are encased in an organelle called chloroplast. Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place. They are found in the leaves of plants. Because they use chlorophyll, the are also green.

Other parts of a cell: (4, 9,11.15, 16, 17)

Both plant and animal cells also have similar organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): There are two types: smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER); and rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER). The SER acts like a storage unit for lipids and steroids. They also help in the production as well. RER is a pckaging and synthesis area. It is rough because they have ribosomes on them.

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are small organelles in the cell that are partly made up of rRNA or ribosomal RNA. They play an important role in protein synthesis. They help translate the DNA code that the mRNA transcribed to determine what type of protein will be formed.

Golgi Apparatus: Also known as the golgi complex, is an organelle in the cell that serves as a sorting and packaging area. It collects simple molecules and packages them into more complex molecules which would be stored if the cell would need it, or it will be sent out of the cell. These complex molecules are packed into vesicles. A transition vesicle is made from the protein in the ER is transported to the golgi apparatus, which then processes its contents. It then releases a secretory vesicle, that is then brought to the cell membrane.

Centrioles: Centrioles are small, cylinder-shaped organelles that aid in cell division. They are made up of the protein, tubulin. These centrioles produce spindles or spindle fibers that pull on the chromosomes during cell division and split them up.

(CONTINUED IN THE ATTACHMENT)

3 0

3 years ago