<u>Answer</u>:
<em>Topographic maps are plan-see portrayals of Earth's three-dimensional surface. They are a standard kind of guide see that gives an overhead, or elevated, point of view. </em>
<u>Explanation</u>:
Among the characterizing <em>highlights of a topographic guide are the form lines that demonstrate areas of consistent height.</em>
The height interim between the shape lines is subject to the degree of detail gave by the <em>guide and the sort of geology present. </em>
For instance, areas with critical topographic variety may require shape lines isolated by 40-100 ft., <em>though by and large level lying districts with minimal topographic variety may have all the more comprehensively isolated 10-20 ft. forms.</em>
Explanation:
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as "the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia."
The soil that occurs in regions with extreme wet and dry seasons is known as "black soil."
Black soil:
- Chernozem is another name for black soil.
- It is largely composed of humus, phosphoric acid, phosphorus, and ammonia.
- Exceptionally small or clay-like particles constitute black soils.
- Deep gaps form during warmer weather, resulting in appropriate aeration.
Black soil characteristics include:
- It is extremely fertile and has a clay-like texture.
- At 25°C, the pH of black soil ranges from 7.2 to 8.5.
- The soil has high levels of potash, calcium, and magnesium but low levels of nitrate and phosphate.
- It is often soft when damp but hardens as it dries.
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