Hormones -- such as melatonin and cortisol; the former signals the body to go to bed, while the latter signals for the sleeping person to wake up -- are created by physiological changes.
Answer:
This is correct. The remaining portion:
Sympatric species that form interrelationships undergo coevolution.
Allopatric species in different environments can undergo convergent evolution.
Allopatric species in small populations and under intense environmental conditions can undergo genetic drift.
Explanation:
On the basis of geographical distance, speciation is of two major types:
- Sympatric
- Allopatric
Sympatric Speciation:
Sympatric speciation is the formation of new species with no gergraphical separation from the ancestor. The new and parent species both exist in the same environment but do not interbreed due to mechanisms of reproductive isolation. These involves both prezygotic and post zygotic barriers to reproduction such as timing of mating, sensitivity to pheromones, choice of mating sites or infertility and mismatched gametes. Species formed through sympatric speciation can form interrelationships and undergo coevolution i.e. the evolution of ones species is dependent on the other.
Allopatric Speciation:
It involves the geographical separation of the parent and new species. These species could be geographically separated by a river, mountain range or land mass.
Although, allopatric species evolve independently, they may develop similar characteristics that serve different functions. Allopatric species in radically different environments undergo convergent evolution i.e. species evolve similar characteristics without any ancestral homology.
Allopatric species that reside in small populations and are under harsh environmental pressures undergo a rapid genetic revolution i.e. genetic drift. This includes the Founder's and bottleneck effect that involve the continuation of a species from very few individuals after a drastic, sudden environmental change.
Answer: The correct answer is option b.
Explanation:
RNA viruses have RNA as genetic material whereas the host cells usually have DNA as genetic material.
So, in order to integrate its genome with host DNA, the virus must form DNA from RNA, that is, reverse transcription.
It is the process by which DNA is formed using RNA as a template strand.
However, reverse transcriptase (enzyme which catalyzes reverse transcription) is usually not present in host cells.
Thus, RNA viruses carry their own set of enzymes which help in the replication of viral genome and its recombination with host DNA as host cells lack these enzymes.
