The Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Universe. Below is an image of the universe as conceived of by Aristotle and Ptolemy. ... Beyond the tenth sphere is, as the words in the periphery say in Latin, "The Kingdom of Heaven, the Abode of God and of the Elect.
It was against the backdrop of the Enlightenment that the ideologies of capitalism, socialism and communism clash, although this was mostly to do with communism.