City bosses were admired by immigrants and poor citizens because they provided jobs for these individuals. Many immigrants struggled when coming to America because they did not know the language. This limited the places where they could work. So when city bosses offered them jobs, they were excited at the opportunity to make money in order to support their family.
Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).
I believe the answer to this no
