<span>The reasons for the development of feudalism vary between nations that employed the system, most notably, the Roman and Germanic cultures. Feudalism developed with the Romans as a method of land tenure. In this practice, a land grant was given by the land-holder to an individual in exchange for services rendered. Often, these contracts were for life.
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Feudalism spread through Europe during the ninth century and lasted for several centuries in some nations. In France, feudalism began as wealthy landowners built castles for protection. As kings weren't powerful enough to reclaim their land, nobles began to claim authority over land in their jurisdiction.
In England, feudalism wasn't part of Anglo-Saxon society. However, large landowners had extensive powers in terms of managing their land. When William the Conqueror introduced feudalism in the 11th century, he maintained authority over all landowners.
In Germany, feudalism lasted for many centuries. This was due to the weakening of royal power due to issues like the German throne being a position for which rulers had to be elected. Issues such as this kept the nobles powerful, despite the attempts of some rulers to limit them.
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it.[1] Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humanity as responsible for the promotion and development of individuals, espouses the equal and inherent dignity of all human beings, and emphasizes a concern for humans in relation to the world.
In modern times, humanist movements are typically non-religious movements aligned with secularism, and today humanism may refer to a nontheistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.
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It produced effective, well-trained government workers who helped the emperors rule China's growing, increasingly complex society and ran the day-to-day business of the government.
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An arabesque is an architectural decoration with flowing lines and swirling shapes.
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