Answer:
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages due to their particular structure while viewed under a microscope, were first identified by scientist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer, after whom the cells were named, in 1876.
These cells, whose origin is in the yolk sack during fetal development, later on move to the liver where they will stay and further differentiate into their mature versions.
These cells are part of the liver cells, and are found particularly on the walls of the sinusoids, where they perform their two most important tasks. First, these cells are part of the immune system, as they are essentially macrophages. However, their role is pretty unique, as they are responsible not just for phagocytosis of invading bacteria, and other pathogens, and initiating immune responses, but also, this cell plays a role in decomposing red blood cells who are dying, and taking up the hemoglobin from them to further break that into reusable globin, and the heme group, from which iron is further extracted to be re-used and also to create bilirrubin, a part of bile.
Finally, these cells have been found to be connected to hepatic cirrhosis, as in their process of detoxifying ethanol, they produce toxins that force the liver cells to produce collagen, and thus to become fibrous.
The nurse is caring for a neonate with an exstrophy of the bladder, the nurse is planning care, the priority will be the client will be free from infection.
What is exstrophy of the bladder?
Early on during a fetus's development in the womb, bladder exstrophy, a complex, uncommon condition, manifests itself. The pubic bones remain separate and the bladder is exposed to the outside skin surface through a hole in the lower abdominal wall because the abdominal wall is still forming as the bladder develops.
A developmental anomaly that manifests 4-5 weeks after conception, in which the cloacal membrane is not replaced by tissue that will eventually form the abdominal muscles, is the root cause of the bladder exstrophy-epispadias-cloacal exstrophy complex.
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The essential elements that the tool should assess on the patient will be:
b) High-risk medications
d) Symptoms of dizziness
e) Altered elimination
<h3>How to explain the information?</h3>
It should be noted that the older adult patient has been admitted for a hip fracture and the nurse is assessing fall risk with a fall risk tool
In this case, the tool should assess High-risk medications, symptoms of dizziness and altered elimination.
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An older adult patient has been admitted for a hip fracture. The nurse is assessing fall risk with a fall risk tool. What essential elements should the tool assess? (Select all that apply.)
a) Mental and emotional status
b) High-risk medications
c) Nutritional status
d) Symptoms of dizziness
e) Altered elimination
Answer:
The onset, and treatment of PTSD is no easy matter. In order for such a disorder to appear, which is later expressed with tremendous peaks of stress, crisis, behavioral problems, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, and many more debilitating conditions, a person must have experienced an event, or circumstance, that traumatically negatively impacted the correct psychological and emotional processes of the mind. In these patients, one the most common situations is that panic attacks and anxiety peaks happen particularly when the traumatic event, moment, or circumstance is remembered, and they are very good at remembering not just the moment itself, but all elements that surrounded that trauma. Also, they are able to make really clear connections and associations between those events and normal events in life that, when they appear, trigger the defensive responses of the mind.
The idea of administering a patient with PTSD with medication that would stop memory formation shortly after a traumatic event would not be a good idea simply because while the drugs focus on the chemical processes involved in memory formation, this procedure ignores that memory is much more than just chemicals in the brain. This has been show time and time again in research. Even with strong medication that basically generates amnesia, or trauma to the brain that may cause amnesia, it has been seen, and science cannot yet fully explain how, these patients may have partial, or total recovery of memories. And because the process of memory formation is still so misunderstood, and not all the factors involved are completely known, simply administering a drug that would stop the hormones that are believed to play a role in memory formation could become more of a problem for the patient. Also it is not being considered that amnesia causes even more stress in patients, as somehow the brain still recognizes that there is information present, but cannot simply bring it to concious awareness.
