Answer:
d. with just a few nights of sleep deprivation, but recovery will take more than a month of normal sleep
Explanation:
During sleep, the body heals itself, wear and tear of cells occur, and the chemical balance of hormones and neurotransmitters is restored. During sleep, the body prepares cytokines, that are protection and infection-fighting substances. Sleep deprivation prevents the production of cytokines and the ability to fight and prevent infections decreases. Sleep also enhances the T-cell responses which are associated with lymphocyte production pathway. Hence, people who remain awake have a lesser T-cell count due to decrease activation of T-cells. Hence, a few nights of sleep deprivation makes the immune system lack behind in the T-cell response generation. This low T-cell activity does not only impede the production of immune system cells but also reduces the functioning of existing cells such as decrease in cytokine functioning. Hence, the entire immune system cells needs a double amount of sleep functioning to keep track of immune system responses and rebuild the cells.
Answer:
It is the cardiac output.
Explanation:
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output.
The cardiac output is the final outcome of all factors that influentiate the ventricular activity (heart rate, heart contractility, and the phenomenon of precharge and postcharge).
Answer:
Clarity, consistency, creativity, content, and connections.
Answer:
The answer to the statement: At rest, most of the body´s blood supply resides in the pulmonary loop, would be, B: False.
Explanation:
The circulatory system never stops working. Pumping of blood, transportation of oxygen, nutrients and water to and from tissues is a process that does not end, even during sleep. The only moment when this process does not happen, is in death. However, a good question is, where does the blood go, or stay, when the body is not active, like for example, during sleep. And the answer is that most of it will rest on the systemic veins and venules and will slowly circulate back to the heart, but at a much lower rate than when the body activates itself. However, what is not true is that blood will reside mostly in the pulmonary loop, because this loop does not have the capacity to store that much blood.
