Answer:
By the terms of the final treaty, signed on May 10, 1871, at Frankfurt am Main, Germany annexed the French provinces of Alsace (excluding Belfort) and Lorraine; the French were also ordered to pay an indemnity of five billion francs.
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The Union military strategy that was used was the Anaconda Plan in which the Union would blockade all ports and entrances to the enemy so that they couldn't get supplies. The military would also chase the army to wear them out.
I would say the answer would be new technology.
