Pope Alexander didn't want two catholic countries fighting eachother. Portugal <span>and Spain were fighting over the New World.
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The correct answer for this question is "c. expert testimony." An actor endorsing a presidential candidate is an example of this type of false connection which is called the expert testimony. You are giving a testimony to a certain presidential candidate as if you're an expert about him.
The Columbian Exchange<span> greatly affected almost every </span>society<span> on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the </span>world<span> human population..</span>
Answer: Midway. From Dec. 1941 to Summer 1942, America had been fighting a defensive war against Japan (ever since Pearl Harbor, America was fighting to keep its territories in the Pacific until island-hopping started.) After Midway, Japan gave up on its plan to expand across the Pacific, and America went on the offensive. It also turned the war in the Allies' favor. America and its allies could go on the offensive because Midway greatly damaged the Japanese fleet.
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I don't know if it's all correct, but I gave it a shot.
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