They were first mentioned by the political philosopher John Locke. He was very influential for the founding fathers who based the ideas of rights that are self evident on his philosophy. According to him, the natural rights were those of life, liberty, and property, a bit different than what ended in the final documents.
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In the last decade of the 19th century, African Americans suffered segregation, exclusion, discrimination and racism. The Civil War assured the freedom of around 4 million black people. Despite the adoption of the 14th amendment and being given legal rights to elect and be elected, black people faced huge social and political inequality.
In the South, state legislatures had passed a series of laws that impeded African Americans from participating in elections. Poll taxes and literacy tests were put in place and turned into formidable barriers for the black southern populations given their poverty and lack of education. Those were the Jim Crow laws.
In 1896, a landmark US Supreme Court decision upheld segregated but equal faciliities for different racial groups as constitutional, validating the Jim Crow laws. That was the situation of African Americans by the late 19th century.
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Culture is made up of customs, attitudes, and beliefs that are unique to each group of people. ... New philosophical ideas and technological advances can lead to cultural change. Cultural change can also occur through diffusion, when contact with other cultures and ideas are transferred.
