I believe that the answer is b
A parasite moving between individuals other than parents and their offspring uses
horizontal transmission.
Horizontal transmission is the transmission of infections between (parasites) that are not in a parent-child relationship (vertical transmission). Horizontal transmission may include the carriers or <span>vectors which are other species. Transmission, in that case, occurs via the bite of the vector (an infected organism), like in malaria.</span>
What do you need help with ?
It's a region of DNA that binds DNA Polymerase to begin replication.
An animal cell has a nucleus but no cell wall.
