<span>Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government. Locke argued for the idea that the people are ultimately the source of authority in governing, Thus the people also have the right to unseat a government that is not properly serving the nation's people. John Locke was arguing the idea of a "social contract." According to his view, a government's power to govern comes from the consent of the people themselves -- those who are to be governed. This was a change from the previous ideas of "divine right monarchy" -- that a king ruled because God appointed him to be the ruler. Locke repudiated the views of divine right monarchy in his First Treatise on Civil Government. In his Second Treatise on Civil Government, Locke argued for the rights of the people to create their own governments according to their own desires and for the sake of protecting their own life, liberty, and property.
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</span><span>The American founding fathers read Locke (as well as other Enlightenment writers). The American Revolution (1775-1783) and the ideas included in the Declariation of Independence and the Constitution were inspired by writers such as Locke.
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<span>The spirit of improvement is part of the foundation of the type of personality of those who are innovators, inventors, and those who took part in the industrial revolution. The basic concept of wanting to improve upon ways to accomplish tasks is essential in the forward momentum, knowledge acquisition, and the improvement if society. Going all the way back to when humans had to hunt for survival, the spirit of improvement lead to the development of the spear over the club, the arrow over the spear, the hunting rifle over the arrow and so on and so forth. By improving on concepts and ideas we move society and humans forward. When it came to the industrial revolution, the spirit of innovation led to things like the assembly line which revolutionized the speed at which products were developed. The spirit of improvement was an essential component of the industrial revolution because without the desire to improve our lives we would still be hunting with clubs.</span>
During the 1880s, following completion of the 105-mile Suez Canal, French entrepreneur Ferdinand DeLesseps poured billions of francs and 25,000 lives into an unsuccessful attempt to build a sea-level canal through Panama. The French effort was thwarted by disease, unreliable machinery, and almost a billion cubic yards of rock that stood in the way.
In 1879, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal proposed a sea level canal through Panama. With the success he had with the construction of the Suez Canal in Egypt just ten years earlier, de Lesseps was confident he would complete the water circle around the world. Time and mileage would be dramatically reduced when traveling from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean or vice versa. For example, it would save a total of 18,000 miles on a trip from New York to San Francisco.
Although de Lesseps was not an engineer, he was appointed chairman for the construction of the Panama Canal. Upon taking charge, he organized an International Congress to discuss several schemes for constructing a ship canal. De Lesseps opted for a sea-level canal based on the construction of the Suez Canal. He believed that if a sea-level canal worked when constructing the Suez Canal, it must work for the Panama Canal.
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Historical evidence shows that tariffs raise prices and reduce available quantities of goods and services for U.S. businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduced employment, and lower economic output. Tariffs could reduce U.S. output through a few channels.
