It was used by the Byzantine Empire.
Yes, it is true that the nation expanding its power in the western Pacific was Japan, since the small size of Japan meant that they had very few natural resources of their own, and needed to conquer territory in order to gain more.
It was the "Alien and Sedition Acts" that prompted the passage of the Virginia and Kentucky resolution, since the Federalists were in control of Congress this was the only way the Anti-Federalists could exercise any power.
The President of the United States
The President of the United States is the head of the executive branch. The President gets help from the Vice President, department heads (called Cabinet members), and heads of independent agencies.